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ABSTRACT The abundant and widespread coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi plays an important role in mediating CO 2 exchange between the ocean and the atmosphere through its impact on marine photosynthesis and calcification. Here, we use long serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) to identify E. Huxleyi genes responsive to nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) starvation. Long SAGE is an elegant approach for examining quantitative and comprehensive gene expression patterns without a priori knowledge of gene sequences via the detection of 21-bp nucleotide sequence tags. Huxleyi appears to have a robust transcriptional-level response to macronutrient deficiency, with 42 tags uniquely present or up-regulated twofold or greater in the N-starved library and 128 tags uniquely present or up-regulated twofold or greater in the P-starved library.

The expression patterns of several tags were validated with reverse transcriptase PCR. Roughly 48% of these differentially expressed tags could be mapped to publicly available genomic or expressed sequence tag (EST) sequence data. For example, in the P-starved library a number of the tags mapped to genes with a role in P scavenging, including a putative phosphate-repressible permease and a putative polyphosphate synthetase. In short, the long SAGE analyses have (i) identified many new differentially regulated gene sequences, (ii) assigned regulation data to EST sequences with no database homology and unknown function, and (iii) highlighted previously uncharacterized aspects of E. Huxleyi N and P physiology. To this end, our long SAGE libraries provide a new public resource for gene discovery and transcriptional analysis in this biogeochemically important marine organism. Coccolithophores are an abundant and widespread phytoplankton functional group responsible for significant amounts of calcification in the ocean.

This group is intensively studied for its roles in the marine carbon and sulfur cycles, the production of alkenones, and marine calcification. The coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi is the most abundant species of this functional group in the modern ocean, and it blooms in both coastal and open ocean regions (). Huxleyi both fixes CO 2 through photosynthesis and generates CO 2 through the biomineralization of calcium carbonate (calcification). Photosynthesis and calcification are important components of the global carbon (C) cycle. Ultimately, both the presence of E. Huxleyi blooms and the ratio of photosynthesis to calcification within the population mediate exchange between atmospheric and oceanic CO 2. As such, coccolithophores are being intensively studied for their role in the C cycle and their potential influence on global climate.

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Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are two critical macronutrients for E. Huxleyi growth, and their availability can impact when and where E. Fable 3 Dlc Download more. Huxleyi blooms are able to occur (). Further, N and P starvation can influence CO 2 exchange by changing rates of photosynthesis and calcification (). For example, P starvation typically increases calcification rates relative to photosynthesis (). In short, N and P availability in the field may influence bloom dynamics, calcification, and their concomitant impact on C cycling and on the ocean's ability to buffer changing CO 2 concentrations in the atmosphere. To cope with low macronutrient availability in nature, marine phytoplankton have evolved inducible systems that enable them to efficiently scavenge dissolved inorganic N (DIN) and dissolved inorganic P (DIP), the concentrations of which are often growth limiting in marine systems.